The Study of Word-Formation

Introduction

                      The Specification of Compounding, Blending and Derivation           

By: Yusita Fatmawati

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            The word usually grow and develop in the society very easier. The society get many new word in the every time. Not only get new word and develop a word, but also create or find a word from area condition and from many source which is already included many word to society. That word will improve because habitually speech. In modern area such us now, to catch new word is easy. The people from many country in the world can be make relation using social media and share many word every times. Word formation show the reader about how the word can created and many formation in word which already changed but the study of word formation not as much about the study of existing. Not at all of the words can produce because the number of possible word is infinite.

            The writer will try to analyze three part of word formation and explain more specific about it. The three components is compounding, blending, and derivation. In this paper, compounding explain as creating word from two word become single word, the second is blending, it’s only same with compounding but there are some reduction in this process and the last derivation explain as the word that added particular in the beginning and ending until has different meaning . Not only give example from English or other country language, the writer show variation word language in Java, Madura and daily life after that connecting with every part of method. The fact that there is a lot of regularity in the word formation processes in a language or explore some of the basic processes by new words are created.

Discussion

Etymology

            Etymology is the study of origin words and how the words can changed meaning every time. We can shortly found that there are many different technique to word used in some language that constitute base of the word shaper. It will show us that word is very important in the critical part of language. Actually the basic concept of etymology is easy, it just about how can improve independent word or root (the basic or foundation of word). The people not aware if they had been said new word daily until that word developed and improve over time. Etymology including at word formation and look the word as many variation that can changed.

a.       Compounding

            Compounding is fusion process two word become single word. There are two word and combine until get new single word. The compounding process is very common find on German and English because compounds become part of English since English collect of German dialect but compounding process are difficult locate on French and Spanish. English has many particular in compound and frequently combine roots to create new word.

	Word	Compounding
Noun	Green + house	Greenhouse
	Pillow + case	Pillowcase
	hand + print	Handprint
Verb	sleep + walk	Sleepwalk
	down + load	Download
	distance + learning	Distance learning
Adj	Good + looking	Good-looking

            In the English dictionary, many kind of compounding process will has relation with phrase. Compounding is highly productive of new vocabulary and the pronunciation is the stress to fall. The compounding in pronunciation between gréenhouse (a place to grow plant) and the phrase such as greenhóuse (a house that is green). They are some word in that example has space, it is compounding because their unique forms are tied to specific meanings.  The other example arise from Java and Madura phrase that has variation word to combine.

Java:                Gethok Tular               (News that came from mouth to mouth)

                        Abang Mbranang        (Dark Red)

                        Teles Kebes                 (Very wet)

Madura:           Ada labu dhibi’           (Fall itself)

                        Alakoh gu onggu         (Hard work)

b.      Blending

            Blending actually same meanings with compounding, it’s also pass through add process that combine two word become single word. The differences between compounding and blending is about method to mix the word. If compounding, it will combine word with word in a full. There are no reduce, but in the blending is typically done by taking only beginning word and then joining it to the end of the word. The interesting example can get from infotainment (Information/entertainment) and smog (smoke/fog). The mixing language, there are Franglais (French / Anglaish ) and Spanglish ( Spanish / English ). Blending process also take into Java and Madura sentences such us:

Panter             :           Pandek + Bunter         ( Madura )       short and fat

Landeur           :           Lajeng + Tandur         ( Madura )       tall and slender

Jinsaguh          :           Tajin + Saguh              ( Madura )       porridge and sago

Lunglit             :           Balung + Kulit            ( Java )             bone and skin

Bangjo             :           Abang + Ijo                 ( Java )             red and green

Pakdhe                        :           Bapak + Gedhe           ( Java )             father and big

c.       Derivation

            Derivation is a process formation of new words from the basic of word that already be present before and added by affixes. It will makes some new different meanings. For example are believe which can improve become unbelievable. The addition –able of the ending we have another word believe-able to be believed. If we add un- to the word, the word be opposite meaning un-believable and the meaning will be ‘not able to be believed.  Some familiar example are un-, miss-, -an, and ­–or. Affixes developed and classified before root, after root, on both sides of the root, or inside the root. All language can have similar affix categories, languages exhibit interesting differences but some languages have no affixes that mark past tense affixes. For example, many languages have past-tense affixes, comparable to English -ed. Many have plural affixes, comparable to English –s but not at all affixes described as an added. Sometimes the plural affixes are simply changes in a form, not necessarily pieces added such as mouse/mice and man/men. There are two kinds of affixes:

1.                   Prefixes, it is the first kind of affixes that appears before root and added at the beginning of words.

·         Il               Illegal

·         In              Incorrect

·         Dis            Disobey

·         Inter         International

2.                   Suffixes, it is the second kind of affixes that added at the end of words.

·      Ant           Inhabitant

·      Ist             Violinist

·      ness          Happiness

·      er              Manager

In the second and fourth example has close relation to the root, a violinist plays the violin and a manager manage her jobs. Some derivation suffixes are very useful such as –ess (actress, princess,godness), it can apply many kid of root but there are suffixes aren’t productive like –dom (kingdom, wisdom, boredom) and th (warmth, truth, width). Sometimes, English words formed have either prefixes and suffixes or both such us unseasonal, rewriting and disrespectful.

3.                   Infixes, a part of affixes that can be inserted within the base form of a word to create a new word but normally used in English. It is possible to see the general principle at work in certain expression by emotionally English speakers. In the movie Wish You Were Here, the main character express her emotion with say Hallebloodylujah. English speaker try to develop infixes, although they seem for rhetorical effect. Another example is daily expression that liked by many people such us –fucking-, often insert that word when angry or shock. For example Abso-fucking-lutely, Irre-fucking-sponsible, and Sas-fucking-katchewan.

4.                   Derivation can apply in many of language in the world. Not only English, but also Java and Madura, you will easy found variation sample about derivation that consist of prefixes, suffixes and infixes.

                        Noun                                                               Verb

Madura :          Pelakoh           (a character)                Lakoh              (Act)

                        Kakanan          (a food)                       Kakan              (Eat)

Java :               Tumulong        (a help)                        Tulong             (Go)

                        Sapu                (a broom)                     Kesapu            (Swept)

Conclussion

            Word is the little component in Language that has many variation and formation. The word can changed appropriate with our mind. In the word formation, there are many kinds of method to create new word and improve the word from variant language. There are three interesting process in word formation that can influence many kind of word. The first is compounding that can mix two word become single word, the second is blending which is same process with compounding but there are reduction in this process, and the last is derivation that has special added in the beginning and ending word and can makes word have variation meanings. Actually all of process has connecting each other, described multiple process that contain of all kind the process in word formation.

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